Adjectives & Noun Phrases
In Japanese, adjectives are used in much the same way as they are in English – immediately before the noun they describe or before the verb TO BE (DESU in Japanese).
The car is blue.
SUBJECT |
PARTICLE |
DESCRIPTION |
VERB |
KURUMA |
WA |
AOI |
DESU |
くるま |
は |
あおい |
です。 |
Mr. Tanaka went to the library in a blue car.
SUBJECT |
PARTICLE |
Means of Transport with adjective |
VERB |
|
TANAKA |
WA |
AOI KURUMA |
DE |
IKIMASHITA |
たなかさん |
は |
あおい くるま |
で |
いきました。 |
This can fit into our diagram by adding the adjective BEFORE nouns independently of the role it has in the sentence:
ROLE OF WORD |
PARTICLE |
JAPANESE
|
ADJECTIVE + Topic |
WA は |
|
ADJECTIVE + Means of Transportation |
DE で |
|
Location where action happens |
DE で |
|
Time |
NI に |
|
ADJECTIVE + Object |
WO を |
|
Origin |
KARA から |
|
Location Destination |
NI に |
|
Co-participation in the action |
TO と |
|
Time something ends |
MADE まで |
Adding the adjective expands information on a single noun creating what is called a noun phrase.
Noun phrases are just as common in Japanese as they are in English and serve the same fundamental purpose – to add more information about a specific noun.
There are many different ways that noun phrases can be formed, in both English and Japanese.
For now, we will look at ADJECTIVES used to change nouns into nouns phrases.
There are two types of adjectives in Japanese: い-adjectives and な-adjectives.
Using Adjectives to Change Nouns
Click each statement below to learn about using adjectives in Japanese sentences.
A) Using な adjectives to change nouns in Japanese sentences:
Na-adjectives can be conveniently defined as all those that don’t end with い with just a few exceptions.
The exceptions are “beautiful” (きれい), “hate” (きらい), famous (ゆめい)and “like” (すき).
ENGLISH |
JAPANESE |
Sample of NOUN PHRASE |
English Translation |
BEAUTIFUL |
きれい(な) |
きれいなおんあのひと |
Beautiful woman |
CONVENIENT |
べんり(な) |
べんりなところ |
Convenient place |
DISLIKED |
きらい(な) |
きらいなたべもの |
Hated food |
HANDSOME |
ハンサム(な) |
ハンサムなおとこのひと |
Handsome man |
FAMOUS |
ゆうめい(な) |
ゆめいなせんせい |
Famous teacher |
FAVORITE |
すき(な) |
すきなのみもの |
Favorite drink |
IMPORTANT |
たいせつ(な) |
たいせつなひと |
Important person |
NECESSARY |
ひつよう(な) |
ひつようなもの |
Necessary thing |
QUIET |
しずか(な) |
しずかなこども |
Quiet child |
SKILLFUL |
じょうず(な) |
じょうずなひと |
Skillful person |
SERIOUS |
まじめ(な) |
まじめなともだち |
Serious friend |
UNSKILLFUL |
へた(な) |
へたなひと |
Unskillful person |
When な adjectives are used by itself, we DO NOT add the NA. See below:
Mariko is quiet.
SUBJECT |
PARTICLE |
Other Information |
VERB |
Mariko san |
WA |
shizuka |
DESU |
まりこさん |
は |
しずか |
です。 |
Mariko is a quiet child.
SUBJECT |
PARTICLE |
Other Information |
VERB |
Mariko san |
WA |
shizuka NA kodomo |
DESU |
まりこさん |
は |
しずか な こども |
です。 |
Using い adjectives to change a noun.
To change a noun when using い adjectives, all we need to do is add the noun after the full adjective, with exceptions for some expressions (describing physical traits).
ENGLISH |
JAPANESE |
Sample of NOUN PHRASE |
English Translation |
BAD |
わるい |
わるいひと |
Bad person |
BIG |
おおきい |
おおきい がっこう |
Big school |
BLACK |
くろい |
くろいくるま |
Black car |
BLUE |
あおい |
あおいほん |
Blue book |
BUSY |
いそがしい |
いそがしいひと |
Busy person |
CHEAP |
やすい |
やすいくつ |
Cheap shoes |
CUTE |
かわいい |
かわいいともだち |
Cute friend |
LONG |
ながい |
ながいビーチ(びーち) |
Long beach |
GOOD |
いい |
いいともだち |
Smart (Good head) |
NEW |
あたらしい |
あたらしいきっさてん |
New coffee shop |
OLD |
ふるい |
ふるいきょうかい |
Old church |
RED |
あかい |
あかいくだもの |
Red fruit |
SMALL |
ちいさい |
ちいさいぎんこう |
Small bank |
TALL/EXPENSIVE |
たかい |
たかいくつ |
Expensive shoes |
WHITE |
しろい |
しろいはな |
White flower |
To describe physical characteristics we use a special sentence structure as below:
SUBJECT |
|
NOUN ATTRIBUTE |
ADJECTIVE |
VERB |
|
たなかさん |
は |
せ (height) |
が |
ひくい |
です。 |
たなかさん |
は |
あたま (head) |
が |
わるい |
です。 |
たなかさん は せがたかい です。 |
Ms. Tanaka is tall. |
たなかさん は あたまがわるい です。 |
Ms. Tanaka is dumb. |
たなかさん は あたまがいい です。 |
Ms. Tanaka is smart. |
Using Adjectives in the negative, past and past negative forms.
In English, adjectives themselves don’t transform when we talk in the negative, past, or past negative tense. For example, in the following sentences the ADJECTIVE (word expensive) does not change. It is the verb that shows the tense:
- The shoes are expensive. (PRESENT + AFFIRMATIVE)
- The shoes are not expensive. (PRESENT + NEGATIVE)
- The shoes were expensive. (PAST + AFFIRMATIVE)
- The shoes were not expensive. (PAST + NEGATIVE)
In Japanese, な adjectives, also have the verb conjugated to show negative and past tenses.
Mariko is quiet.
SUBJECT |
PARTICLE |
Other Information |
VERB |
Mariko san |
WA |
shizuka |
DESU |
まりこさん |
は |
しずか |
です。 |
Mariko isn’t quiet.
SUBJECT |
PARTICLE |
Other Information |
VERB |
Mariko san |
WA |
shizuka |
DEWA ARIMASEN. |
まりこさん |
は |
しずか |
でわありません。 |
Mariko was quiet.
SUBJECT |
PARTICLE |
Other Information |
VERB |
Mariko san |
WA |
shizuka |
DESHITA |
まりこさん |
は |
しずか |
でした。 |
Mariko was not quiet.
SUBJECT |
PARTICLE |
Other Information |
VERB |
Mariko san |
WA |
shizuka |
DEWA ARIMASEN DESHITA |
まりこさん |
は |
しずか |
でわありませんでした。 |
An important thing to keep in mind is that in Japanese い adjectives are conjugated to show past and negative tenses.
For the negative and past negative we change the い to a く and then add the standard conjugation of the verb ある (the verb “to exist” for inanimate objects) which we met earlier.
English Dictionary Negative Past Negative Past
Cheap やすい やすくない やすくなかった やすかった
Big おおきい おおきくない おおきくなかった おおきかった
Let’s look at a few examples in sentences:
Mariko is small.
SUBJECT |
PARTICLE |
Other Information |
VERB |
Mariko san |
WA |
chiisai |
DESU |
まりこさん |
は |
ちいさい |
です。 |
Mariko isn’t small.
SUBJECT |
PARTICLE |
Other Information |
VERB |
Mariko san |
WA |
chiisakunai |
DESU |
まりこさん |
は |
ちいさくない |
です。 |
Mariko was small.
SUBJECT |
PARTICLE |
Other Information |
VERB |
Mariko san |
WA |
chiisakatta |
DESU |
まりこさん |
は |
ちいさかった |
です。 |
Mariko was not small.
SUBJECT |
PARTICLE |
Other Information |
VERB |
Mariko san |
WA |
chiisakunakatta |
DESU |
まりこさん |
は |
ちいさくなかった |
です。 |
Unique Cases:
Conjugation for the Adjective GOOD in Japanese
The conjugation for i-adjectives always follows the same rules with just one exception: the adjective “good” (いい).
This adjective conjugates into the past, negative, or past negative the first syllable becomes よ. In fact, よい is the archaic word for good. It is still used today in formal writing but rarely in conversation.
For the adjective “good” the past conjugation thus becomes: いい ⇒ よかった
Standard |
Polite |
|
Good |
いい |
いいです |
Is not good |
よくない |
よくないです |
Was good |
よかった |
よかったです |
Was not good |
よくなかった |
よくなかったです |
Was not good (most formal) |
よくなかったです |
よくありませんでした |
Both ways of conjugating to the negative and past negative of GOOD are used in Japanese; however, the last sample is the most formal.
Likes and Dislikes
In Japanese, to say ‘like” we use the word SUKI and treat it as a NA-adjective. To say that you like or don’t like something, you must add the noun followed by GA.
I like my car.
Topic |
|
Object liked |
|
LIKE (used as adjective) |
VERB |
I |
|
my car |
|
like |
|
WATASHI |
WA |
WATASHI NO KURUMA |
GA |
SUKI |
DESU |
わたし |
は |
わたし の くるま |
が |
すき |
です |
I don't like my car.
Topic |
|
Object liked |
|
LIKE |
VERB |
I |
|
my car |
|
like |
don't |
WATASHI |
WA |
WATASHI NO KURUMA |
GA |
SUKI |
JA NAI (colloquial) |
わたし |
は |
わたし の くるま |
が |
すき |
じゃない |
Use of KIRAI
If you use KIRAI, you are saying that you HATE something. Using KIRAI makes the sentiment very strong:
わたしは わたし の くるま が すきじゃないです. I didn’t like my car.
わたしは わたし の くるま が きらいです. I hate my car
Because na-adjectives take the auxiliary verb we already know their conjugation: we just need to conjugate the auxiliary verb to get the negative, or past negative for both the standard and polite forms.
Tense Standard Polite
Present すきだ すきです
Past すきだった すきでした
Negative すきではない すきではありません
Past Negative すきではなかった すきではありませんでした
And, as we’ve seen before, in both cases we can replace では with the less formal じゃ.
Two Groups of Adjectives
Adjective Conjugation in Japanese is a bit more complex than it is in English, partly because there are TWO main groups of adjectives and each group conjugates differently.
This is a brief review of the adjective groups you will use this year in this course. The two Adjective Groups are important to helping you conjugate adjectives correctly so be sure to learn to “categorize” adjectives into the なーAdjectives and いーAdjectives as you review all of these conjugation forms.
This section will also review how to use Nouns and some Verb forms to “describe” things even though they are not adjectives. It makes sense to review how to use all 3 word forms (adjectives, nouns, and some verbs) to describe things all in one place.
なーAdjectives
In general, adjectives that do NOT end in the character い are な Adjectives. There are some exceptions, however, so be sure to read over the “irregular” (exceptions) you’re likely to use in this section.
Some examples of NormalなーAdjectives:
(Quiet) しずか(な)静か(な)
(Free, as in “free time) ひま(な)暇(な)
(Skilled/Good at) じょうず(な)上手(な)
(Famous) ゆめい(な)夢委(な)
(Kind) しんせつ(な)親切(な)
Some examples of Irregular なーAdjectives:
(Pretty) きれい(な)奇麗(な)
(Dislike) きらい(な)嫌い(な)
(Famous) ゆうめい(な)有名(な)
い-Adjectives
ALL い-Adjectives end in the character い (there are NO exceptions to this!). That is the actual CHARACTER い not just the sound of the “i” vowel. Note, however, that the frequently used adjective いい does have an irregular conjugation (see below).
Some examples of normal いーAdjectives:
(Tall/expensive) たかい(高い)
(Tasty/delicious as in food) おいしい(美味しい)
(Difficult) むずかしい(難しい)
(Enjoyable/fun) たのしい(楽しい)
(Interesting) おもしろい(面白い)
Irregularl いーAdjectives:
(Good/Okay, used in many different contexts) いいORよい(良い)
Other Types of Words Used to “Describe” Things:
This section will also review how other words (nouns and some verbs) can also be used to “describe” things. A few common examples are provided below to illustrate this:
Noun Examples:
(Japanese Teacher) にほんごのせんせい(日本語の先生)
(My friend’s father) わたしのともだちのおとうさん(私の友達のお父さん)
Verb Examples:
(Thin, as in a person is thin/skinny) やせています(痩せています)
(Fat, as in a person is fat/wide) ふとっています(太っています)
Noun and な-Adjective Conjugation
Nouns and な-Adjectives conjugate exactly the same (except when combined with a noun they are modifying, which will be covered separately). Both use the various FORMAL forms of the verb “to be” (is, am, are, isn’t, was, wasn’t). Here is a review of those basic patterns. Note that you have some choices on how to conjugate for the negative forms (isn’t, wasn’t).
Please click each link below to review.
Conjugation Choices for Nouns and な-Adjectives:
(Is/Am/Are: Present Positive) です(Informal: だ)Use ONLY the formal in this course
(Is not/Isn’t: Present Negative) ではありません・じゃありません・ではないです・じゃないです You may use ANY of these four options in this course (they are arranged from most formal to least formal left to right)
(Was: Past Positive) でした(Informal: だった)Use ONLY the formal in this course
(Was not/Wasn’t: Past Negative) ではありませんでした・じゃありませんでした・ではなかったです・じゃなかったです You may use ANY of these four options in this course (they are arranged from most formal to least formal left to right)
Normal Noun Examples
(He is a teacher.) かれはせんせいです。(彼は先生です。)
(She is a doctor.) かのじょはいしゃです。(彼女は医者です。)
(This is a Japanese book.) これはにほんごのほんです。(これは日本語の本です。)
(That is an American camera.) それはアメリカのカメラです。(それはアメリカのカメラです。)This can also be それはアメリカンカメラです。(それはアメリカンカメラです。)
(That over there is a Chinese house.) あれはちゅうごくのうちです。(あれは中国の家です。)
Normal な-Adjective Examples
(My mom is kind.) はははしんせつです。(母は親切です。)
(My dad is quiet.) ちちはしずかです。(父は静かです。)
(I am free tomorrow.) わたしはあしたひまです。(私は明日暇です。)
Examples of Nouns/なーAdjectives for Colors
(The car is green.) くるまはみどりです。(車は緑です。)
(The pants are purple.) ズボンはむらさきです。(ズボンは紫です。)
(The hat is pink.) ぼうしはピンクです。(帽子はピンクです。)
NOTE that the Noun and Adjective forms are the SAME for なーAdjectives
NOTE that ALL Katakana colors (and descriptive words) are なーAdjectives
Noun and な-Adjective Forms for Modifying a Noun Directly:
When a noun or な-Adjective is placed in FRONT of the noun it is modifying, then certain changes (particles) must be added to “connect” the two words in the sentence. This is where it’s important to determine whether you are modifying with a “noun” or “adjective”.
For nouns, the two nouns are placed together, but connected by the noun-connector particle の。This MAY indicate a possessive relationship, but it may also just connect two related nouns that are not possessive.
Examples of Nouns Modifying Other Nouns using the Particle の
(My older brother’s child) Possessive わたしのあにのこども(私の兄の子供)
(Your younger sister’s child) Possessive あなたのいもうとのこども(あなたの妹の子供)
(The orange bicycle) Not Possessive オレンジのじてんしゃ(オレンジ自転車)
(English Dictionary) Not Possessive えいごのじしょ(英語の辞書)
Examples of な-Adjectives Modifying Nouns using the Particle な
(Orange Pants) オレンジなズボン
(Green Rug) みどりなゆか(緑な床)
(Pretty Woman) きれいなおんなのひと(奇麗な女の人)
(Skilled Man) じょうずなおとこのひと(上手な男の人)
Connective Forms of なーAdjectives:
Sometimes more than one or a “series"of adjectives is used to describe something. This requires the “connective” form of なーAdjectives to be used. The connective form is DIFFERENT for nouns, なーAdjectives, and いーAdjectives so be sure to compare all three while reviewing Adjective Conjugation!
REMINDER: Series of Nouns are connected with the particle の
REMINDER: Series of いーAdjectives change form to Adjective Stem くて(The い Is dropped and replaced with く、andてIs added)―You’ll review this in the next section!
How なーAdjectives are Connected:
All of the adjectives in a series EXCEPT the last one must change adjective form in ONE WAY:
Adjective + で is the connective form
So で is added to provide the connective form for なーAdjectives (で is the connective form of です much likeて is used in the connective forms of いーAdjectives and Verbs).
Examples of Connective Forms for なーAdjectives:
(My hair is green and pretty.)わたしのかみのけは(Orが)きれいで、みどりです。(私の髪の毛は緑で、奇麗です。)
(The movie is serious, famous, and simple.) えいがはまじめで、ゆうめいで、かんたんです。(映画は真面目で、有名で、簡単です。)
NOTE: If the series includes adjectives from BOTH groups you simply use the appropriate connective form for each in the series.
(That child’s hair is long, pretty, and blonde.) その(Orあの)こどものかみのけはながくて、きれいで、きんぱつです。(その子供の髪の毛は長くて、奇麗で、金髪です。)
い-Adjective Conjugation
い-Adjectives do NOT conjugate the same way that nouns and な-Adjectives do, and this group is generally much more difficult to learn and remember. Please take the time to THOROUGHLY review ALL of this section, including the examples.
NOTE: いーAdjectives conjugate in a very similar way to the “want to” form of verbs, so it can be very handy to review BOTH of these at the same time.
Conjugation Choices for い-Adjectives:
Present Positive (IS something…) AdjectiveStem+ い +です
Present Negative (Is NOT something…) AdjectiveStem (minus いbut + く) + です
Past Positive (WAS something…) AdjectiveStem MINUS い + かったです
Past Negative (Was NOT something…) AdjectiveStem (minus い but +く) + なかったです
Normal いーAdjective Examples: (Present Tense Positive) It is Adjective…
(He is a young.) かれはわかいです。(彼は若いです。)
(She is a tall.) かのじょはせがたかいです。(彼女は背が高いです。)
(That car is blue.) このくるまはあおいです。(この車は青いです。)
(That book is red.) そのほんはあかいです。(その本は赤いです。)
(That shoe over there is brown.) あのくつはちゃいろいです。(あの靴は茶色いです。)
Normal いーAdjective Examples: (Present Tense Negative) It is NOT adjective…
(The test is NOT difficult.) しけんはむずかしくないです。(試験は難しくないです。)
(The scarf/muffler is NOT new.) マーフラはあたらしくないです。(マーフラは新しくないです。)
(This ball is NOT black.) このボールはくろくないです。(このボールは黒くないです。)
(That building is NOT tall.) そのたてものはたかくないです。(その建物は高くないです。)
(That desk over there is NOT big.) あのつくえはおおきくないです。(このつきえは大きくないです。)
Normal いーAdjective Examples: (Past Tense Positive) It WAS adjective…
(The party was fun/enjoyable.) パーティーはたのしかったです。(パーティーは楽しかったです)
(The class was interesting.) じゅぎょうはおもしろかったです。(授業は面白かったです。)
(His hair was long.) かれのかみがながかったです。(彼の髪が長かったです。)
(Her hair was brown.) かのじょのかみがちゃいろかったです。(彼女の髪が茶色かったです。)
(That sushi was delicious.) そのすしはおいしかったです。(その寿司は美味しかったです。)
Normal いーAdjective Examples: (Past Tense Negative) It WAS NOT adjective…
(The sofa WAS NOT white.) ソファーは(Orが)しろくなかったです。(ソファーは白くなかったです。)
(My grandmother’s hair WAS NOT short.) おばあさんのかみのけが(Orは)みじかくなかったです。(お婆さんの髪の毛が短くなかったです。)
(My younger brother WAS NOT loud.) おとうとはうるさくなかったです。(弟は煩くなかったです。)
(My jacket WAS NOT yellow.) わたしのジャケットは(Orが)きろくなかったです。(私のジャケットは黄色くなかったです。)
(My dad’s car WAS NOT fast.) ちちのくるまが(Orは)はやくなかったです。(父の車は早くなかったです。)
Irregular いーAdjective Examples: いい・よい(Good/Okay)Irregular いーAdjective
(Is good/okay…) いいです(Or よいです)良いです
(Is NOT good/okay…) よくないです(良くないです)
(WAS good/okay…) よかったです(良かったです)
(WAS NOT good/okay…) よくなかったです(良くなかったです)
Note that this is “irregular” because the い first syllable changes to よ in all but the present positive form of this adjective.
いーAdjective Colors
いーAdjective colors can ALSO be expressed either as Nouns or Adjectives. The only difference between the two forms is the presence of い at the end (meaning it’s い-Adjective form) or the absence of the い at the end (meaning it’s the noun form). See the examples below.
Noun Forms of いーAdjective Colors:
(This dress is white.) このワンピースはしろです。(このワンピースは白です。)
(The sky is blue.) そらはあおです。(空は青です。)
(That flower is yellow.) そのはなはきいろです。(その花は黄色です。)
NOTE that the NOUN Form for each of the examples above does NOT contain the い at the end.
いーAdjective Colors
いーAdjective colors can ALSO be expressed either as Nouns or Adjectives. The only difference between the two forms is the presence of い at the end (meaning it’s い-Adjective form) or the absence of the い at the end (meaning it’s the noun form). See the examples below.
Adjective Forms of いーAdjective Colors
(This dress is white.) ワンピースはしろいです。(ワンピースは白いです。)
(The sky is blue.) そらはおあいです。(空は青いです。)
(That flower is yellow.) そのはなはきいろいです。(その花は黄色いです。)
NOTE that the ADJECTIVE Form for each of the examples above DOES contain the い at the end.
NOTE : Remember that ALL Katakana colors (and descriptive words) are なーAdjectives
Noun and い-Adjective Forms for Modifying a Noun Directly
When a noun or い-Adjective is placed in FRONT of the noun it is modifying, then certain changes (particles) must be added to “connect” the two words in the sentence. This is where it’s important to determine whether you are modifying with a “noun” or “adjective”.
For nouns, the two nouns are placed together, but connected by the noun-connector particle の。This MAY indicate a possessive relationship, but it may also just connect two related nouns that are not possessive.
Examples of Nouns Modifying Other Nouns using the Particle の:
(My older brother’s child) Possessive わたしのあにのこども(私の兄の子供)
(Your younger sister’s child) Possessive あなたのいもうとのこども(あなたの妹の子供)
Examples of Noun Forms of いーAdjective COLORS Modifying Other Nouns:
NOTE that NO particle is needed or used at all in this situation!
(Black Pants) くろいズボン(黒いズボン)
(Red Rug) あかいゆか(赤い床)
(Tall Woman) せがたかいおんなのひと(背が高い女の人)
(Interesting Man) おもしろいおとこのひと(面白い男の人)
Connective Forms of いーAdjectives
Sometimes more than one or a “series’ of adjectives is used to describe something. This requires the “connective” form of いーAdjectives to be used. The connective form is DIFFERENT for nouns, なーAdjectives, and いーAdjectives so be sure to compare all three while reviewing Adjective Conjugation!
REMINDER: Series of Nouns are connected with the particle の
REMINDER: Series of な-Adjectives are connected with で(the connective form of です)
All of the adjectives in series EXCEPT the last one must change adjective form in TWO WAYS:
- Adjective Stem い Becomes Adjective Stem くて
- So いbecomes くand thenて Is added to provide the connective form (Like てーForm Verbs)
Examples of Connective Forms for いーAdjectives:
(My hair is red and long.)わたしのかみのけはあかくて、ながいです。(私の髪の毛は赤くて、長いです。)
(The book is new, big, and expensive) ほんはあたらしくて、おおきくて、たかいです。(本は新しくて、大きくて、高いです。)
NOTE: If the series includes adjectives from BOTH groups you simply use the appropriate connective form for each in the series.
(That child’s hair is long, pretty, and blonde.) その(Orあの)こどものかみのけはながくて、きれいで、きんぱつです。(その子供の髪の毛は長くて、奇麗で、金髪です。)
Set One: Review of い and な Adjectives
As you have studied previously, Adjective Conjugation in Japanese is a bit more complex than it is in English, partly because there are TWO main groups of adjectives and each group conjugates differently.
This is a brief review of the adjective groups you have used this year in this course (and in previous courses). The two Adjective Groups are important to helping you conjugate adjectives correctly so be sure to learn to “categorize” adjectives into the なーAdjectives and いーAdjectives as you review these conjugation forms.
REVIEW of なーAdjective Conjugation
なーAdjectives conjugate the same way nouns conjugate in present and past tense, for both positive and negative forms. They have their own forms for use in front of the noun being modified, and for connective forms.
EXAMPLES:
“Quiet” なーAdjective しずか(静か)
IS Quiet しずかです(静かです)
Is NOT Quiet しずかでは(Orじゃ)ありません(Orないです)
WAS Quiet しずかでした(静かでした)
Was NOT Quiet しずかでは(Orじゃ)ありませんでした
A Quiet Person しずかなひと(静かな人) (な is added)
A Quiet AND Kind Person しずかで、しんせつなひと (で is added)
REVIEW of いーAdjective Conjugation
いーAdjectives conjugate in a DIFFERENT way than nouns and なーAdjectives conjugate in present and past tense, for both positive and negative forms. They have their own forms for use in front of the noun being modified, and for connective forms, and these are also different from なーAdjectives.
EXAMPLES:
“Interesting” おもしろい(面白い)
IS Interesting おもしろいです(面白いです)
Is NOT Interesting おもしろくないです(Or もしろくありません)
WAS Interesting おもしろかったです(面白かったです)
Was NOT Interesting おもしおろくなかったです(Or おもしろくありませんでした)
An Interesting Person おもしろいひと(面白い人)(NO Change or Particle Needed)
An Interesting and Fun Person おもしろくて、たのしいひと(いDrops,くてAdded)
Set Two: Describing Verbs with Adjectives
Examples studied previously are included for review and comparison, and then the adjective examples are presented as new information.
REVIEW Pattern: Verb Plain Form のが Adjective です。
NEW Pattern: Verb Plain Form のことが Adjective です。REVIEW Pattern: VerbてForm もいいです(か)Or かまいません
NEW Pattern: Adjective Stem (で・くて)もいいです(か)Or かまいませんREVIEW Pattern: VerbてForm はいけません Or だめです
NEW Pattern: Adjective Stem (で・くて)はいけません Or だめですREVIEW Pattern: Verb Plain Form そうです。
NEW Pattern: Adjective Stem そうです。
See the separate tabs below for examples of these two patterns.
VerbPlainForm のが Adjectiveです。
In previous levels of Japanese you learned how to “describe” an action using the action verb in plain/dictionary form, and making it a “noun clause” (“nominalizing it”) by adding the particle combination のが (Note that other particles can be combined with の in this way).
Describing a Verb with an Adjective: Verb Plain Form のが Adjective です。
I like to eat sushi. 私はすし(寿司)を食べるのが好きです。
Going to the circus is fun. サーカスに行くのがたのしい(楽しい)です。
Watching a movie is interesting. えいが(映画)を見るのがおもしろい(面白い)です。
He is skilled at playing tennis. かれ(彼)はテニスをするのがじょうず(上手)です。
Verb Plain Form のことが Adjective です。
In this section of this Japanese course you will learn how to “describe” an action using the action verb in plain/dictionary form, and adding making it a “noun clause” (“nominalizing it”) by adding the particle combination のことが between the plain verb and the adjective describing it.
The word こと means “thing(s)” in the abstract sense, and adds the sense of meaning that “the thing that is ADJECTIVE is VERB” (as seen in the examples provided here). This is similar to the pattern you have already learned to express things you “CAN DO” in the pattern shown here:
I can play golf. (The “thing” I can do is play golf.) 私はゴルフをすることができます。
The difference is that you are describing something about the action (verb) using an adjective instead of the verb “CAN DO” or できます。 Note that the extra particle の is added in this NEW pattern for adjectives.
I like to play golf. (The “thing” I like to do is play golf.) 私はゴルフをするのことが好きです。
See more examples in the tab below.
EXAMPLES:
Describing an Verb with an Adjective: VerbPlainFormのがAdjectiveです。
I like to eat sushi. (The thing I like to do is eat sushi.) 私はすし(寿司)を食べるのことが好きです。
Going to the circus is fun. (The thing that is fun is going to the circus.) サーカスに行くのことがたのしい(楽しい)です。
Watching a movie is interesting. (The thing that is interesting is a movie.) えいが(映画)を見るのことがおもしろい(面白い)です。
He is skilled at playing tennis. (The thing he is skilled at is playing tennis.) かれ(彼)はテニスをするのことがじょうず(上手)です。
As you can see, there are really TWO different ways to modify a verb using an adjective in sentences like this, using the TWO patterns you have now learned as shown in the contrasting examples below:
I like to eat sushi. 私はすし(寿司)を食べるのが好きです。
The thing I like to eat is sushi. 私は寿司を食べるのことが好きです。
Permission Forms with Verbs
In this section you will learn how to ask or give PERMISSION using a verb pattern.
REVIEW Pattern for Verbs:
VerbてForm もいいです(か)(Or かまいません)
EXAMPLES:
May I go to the restroom? (Is it okay if I go to the restroom?)
私はおてあらい(お手洗い)に行ってもいいですか。(Or かまいません)
Yes, you may go to the restroom. (Yes, it is okay for you to go to the restroom.)
はい、あなたはお手洗いに行ってもいいですか。(Or かまいません)
No, you may NOT go the restroom. (No, it is NOT okay for you to go to the restroom.)
あなたはお手洗いに行ってもよくないです。(Or かまいません)
Permission Forms with Adjectives
In this section you will learn how to ask or give PERMISSION for an adjective pattern. Note that the pattern is slightly different depending on whether you are using a なー
Adjective versus an いーAdjective.
The pattern for なーAdjectives is: Adjective・Noun (で)もいいです(か)(Orかまいません)
The pattern for いーAdjective is: Adjective (くて)もいいです(か)(Orかまいません)
EXAMPLES:
Is it okay to go to the birthday party? (Verb Example)
誕生日パーティーに行ってもいいですか。(Or かまいませんか)
Is Saturday okay for a birthday party? (Noun Example)
誕生日パーティーは土曜日でもいいですか。(Or かまいませんか)
Is a quiet birthday party okay? (なーAdjective Example)
誕生日パーティーはしずかで(静かで)もいいですか。(Or かまいませんか)
Is a loud birthday party okay? (いーAdjective Example)
誕生日パーティーはうるさくて(煩くて)もいいですか。(Or かまいませんか)
Is an inexpensive (cheap) present okay for the birthday party? (いーAdjective Example)
たんじょうび(誕生日)パーティーはやすくて(安くて)もいいですか。(Or かまいません)
Is it okay to take a test on Monday? (Verb Example)
しけん(試験)は月曜日にとって(撮って)もかまいませんか。(Or いいですか)
Is Monday okay for the test? (Noun Example)
試験は月曜日でもかまいませんか。(Or もいいですか)
Is it okay for the test to be important/serious? (なーAdjective Example)
試験はまじめで(真面目で)もかまいませんか。(Or いいですか)
Is it okay for the test to be long? いーAdjective Example)
試験はながくて(長くて)もかまいませんか。(Or いいですか)
Prohibition Forms with Verbs
To express PROHIBITION for an action (verb), this could be in the form of a “rule” or a direct “command” not to do something. The particle は is used after the てForm of the verb because the verb becomes the subject/topic of the sentence in this form.
The pattern is: VerbてForm は いけません(More Like a Rule)Or だめです(More Like an Order)
EXAMPLES:
You should not (must not) talk in the library. (Order: Do NOT talk in the library.)
としょかん(図書館)ではなしてはだめです。
You should not (must not) wear hats at school. (Order: do NOT wear hats at school.)
学校でぼうし(帽子)をかぶってはだめです。
You should not (must not) run in the middle of the street.
みち(道)の中ではしって(走って)はいけません。
You should not (must not) eat food in the classroom.
きょうしつ(教室)で食べ物を食べてはいけません。
Prohibition Forms with Adjectives
When express PROHIBITION for an adjective pattern, note that the pattern is slightly different depending on whether you are using a なーAdjective versus an いーAdjective.
The pattern for なーAdjectives is: Adjective・Noun(で)はいけません(Or だめです)
The pattern for いーAdjective is: Adjective (くて)はいけません(Or だめです)
EXAMPLES:
You should not (must not) talk quietly during an emergency. (Verb Example)
あなたはきんきゅじ(Emergency)にしずかに話してはいけません。
You should not (must not) be quiet in an emergency. (なーAdjective Example)
あなたはきんきゅじ(Emergency)にしずかではいけません。
Order: Do NOT be quiet in an emergency.(なーAdjective Example)
あなたはきんきゅじ(Emergency)にしずかではだめです。
You should not (must not) be loud during a test.(いーAdjective Example)
あなたはしけん(試験)にうるさくてはいけません。
Order: Do NOT be loud during a test.(いーAdjective Example)
あなたは試験にうるさくてはだめです。
You must not (should not) wear green clothes.(Verb Example)
あなたはみどりなふくをきて(着て)はいけません。
Your clothes should not (must not) be purple. (なーAdjective Example)
あなたのふく(服)はみどりで(緑で)はいけません。
Your clothes should not (must not) be red.(いーAdjective Example)
あなたの服はあかくて(赤くて)はいけません。
Saying Something “Looks Like” an Adjective
To express that something LOOKS LIKE an adjective the conjugation pattern changes depending on whether you are using a なーAdjective or an いーAdjective.
The pattern for なーAdjectives is: Adjective そうです。
The pattern for いーAdjective is: Adjective(minus い stem) そうです。
EXAMPLES:
It seems (looks like it is) quiet in the room.(なーAdjective Example) へや(部屋)はしずか(静か)そうです。It seems (looks like it is) loud in the room.(いーAdjective Example) 部屋はうるさそうです。(うるさい・煩い)NOTE HOW THE い DROPS
The test seems easy. しけん(試験)かんたん(簡単)そうです。
The test seems difficult. 試験はむずかしそうです。(むずかしい・難しい)NOTE HOW THE い DROPS
Some Adverbs in Japanese
Although the previous and current levels of Japanese courses have not talked a lot about “adverbs” as a separate group specifically, you have been using them since the first level, primarily as “frequency” and “extent” words. They are easy to use and don’t require a lot of “grammar” work or changes, and they can appear anywhere in sentences and they don’t require particles
You will review these previous adverbs, and add a few new ones in this section.
REVIEW ADVERBS:
Frequency Words (i.e., always, never, etc)
Extent Words (i.e., a little, a lot, etc)
NEW ADVERBS:
Completion Adverbs: “Already” and “Not Yet”
NEW ADVERB FORMS:
Changing Adjectives to Adjectives
Click on EACH Tab below to read and see examples of review and new adverbs.
FREQUENCY ADVERBS:
Always / All the Time いつも
Usually たいてい
A Lot of the Time / Often よく(良く)
Sometimes ときどき(時々)
Rarely たまい (+Negative Adjective or Verb)
Seldom / Not Very Often あまり(+Negative Adjective or Verb)
Never/ Not At All ぜんぜん(全然)(+Negative Adjective or Verb)
EXTENT ADVERBS:
(Do Something) A Lot たくさん
(Do Something) Well よく(良く)
(Do Something) a Little すこし(少し)OR ちょっと
Probably / Maybe (Do Something) たぶん(多分)
EXAMPLES:
I always make up my bed. 私は(私の)いつもベッドの奇麗(奇麗い)にします。
I usually get up at 6:25 am. 私はたいてい午前六時二十五分におきます(起きます)。
I often go to school by bus. 私はよくバスで学校に行きます。
I sometimes walk to school. 私はときどき(時々)学校にあるきます(歩きます)。
I rarely take a vacation. 私はたまにりょこう(旅行)をしません。
I don’t study very often. 私はあまりべんきょうしません(勉強しません)。
I never go to the hospital. 私はぜんぜん(全然)びょういん(病院)に行きません。
I study Japanese a lot (often). 私はよく日本語を勉強します。
Well done! (You did well!) よくできました!
I watch a little TV. 私はすこし(少し)テレビを見ます。
Please wait a little (a moment). ちょっとまってください。
I will probably go to Japan this summer. 私はたぶんこのなつ(夏)に日本に行きます。
BASIC COMPLETION ADVERBS:
Already (done something) もう (+Past Tense Positive Verb)
Not yet (done something) まだ (+Present Tense Negative Verb)
EXAMPLES:
Have you already eaten dinner?
あなたはもう晩御飯を食べましたか。
Yes, I have already eaten dinner.
はい、私はもう晩御飯を食べました。
No, I have not eaten dinner yet.
いいえ、私はまだ晩御飯を食べません。Have you already been to Japan? (Have you already had the experience of going to Japan?)
あなたはもう日本に行ったことがありますか。
Yes, I have already been to Japan. (Yes, I have already had the experience of going to Japan.)
はい、私は日本もう行ったことがあります。
No, I haven’t been to Japan yet.(No, I have not yet had the experience of going to Japan.)
いいえ、私はまだ日本に行ったことがありません。
You have learned many adjectives up to this point, and although they are not adverbs as you’ve learned them, they can be transformed into adverbs from adjectives easily. Note that “easy” is an adjective, but “easily” is an adverb (in English). Think of words that end in “ly” in English that come from adjectives to think about the difference in meaning between the two forms in Japanese!
Here are the rules for changing an adjective into an adverb in Japanese:
NOTE: Remember that the adjective “good/okay” is an “irregular” いーAdjective so it will be a little different than other いーAdjectives. For example, いい(Adjective) Becomes よく(Adverb).
For なーAdjectives use the following pattern:
なーAdjective + に
For いーAdjectives use the following pattern:
いーAdjective (Minus い)(Plus く)
EXAMPLES:
Pretty Or Clean/Neat きれい(奇麗)Becomes 奇麗に
Lively にぎやか(賑やか)Becomes 賑やかに
Quiet しずか(静か)Becomes 静かにGood/Okay いい(良い)Becomes よく(良く)
Fast はやい(早い)Becomes 早く
Cute かわいい(可愛い)Becomes 可愛くPlease read your book quietly in the library.
あんたはとしょかん(図書館)でほん(本)をしずか(静か)にしてください。
Please clean your room (Please do your room cleanly.)
あなたのしんしつ(寝室)をきれい(奇麗)にしてください。
Please do your homework well today.
あなたは今日よくしゅくだい(宿題)をしてください。
Japanese female voice actresses often speak cutely.
日本のじょうせいせいゆう(情勢声優)よくかわいく(可愛く)話します。
Because there’s an important test tomorrow, I’m going to bed early.
明日だいじな(大事な)しけん(試験)がありますから、はやく(早く)寝ます。
おわります(The End)
All rights reserved. Updated 2022, DVHS.