Adjectives & Noun Phrases

In Japanese, adjectives are used in much the same way as they are in English – immediately before the noun they describe or before the verb TO BE (DESU in Japanese).

The car is blue.

SUBJECT

PARTICLE

DESCRIPTION

VERB

KURUMA

WA

AOI

DESU

くるま

あおい

です。


Mr. Tanaka went to the library in a blue car.

SUBJECT

PARTICLE

Means of Transport with adjective

 

VERB

TANAKA

WA

AOI KURUMA

DE

IKIMASHITA

たなかさん

あおい くるま

いきました。


This can fit into our diagram by adding the adjective BEFORE nouns independently of the role it has in the sentence:

ROLE OF WORD

PARTICLE

JAPANESE
VERB

 

ADJECTIVE + Topic

WA は

ADJECTIVE + Means of Transportation

DE で

Location where action happens

DE で

Time

NI に

ADJECTIVE + Object

WO を

Origin

KARA から

Location Destination

NI に

Co-participation in the action

TO と

Time something ends

MADE まで

 

Adding the adjective expands information on a single noun creating what is called a noun phrase.  

Noun phrases are just as common in Japanese as they are in English and serve the same fundamental purpose – to add more information about a specific noun.

There are many different ways that noun phrases can be formed, in both English and Japanese.

For now, we will look at ADJECTIVES used to change nouns into nouns phrases.

There are two types of adjectives in Japanese: い-adjectives and な-adjectives.

Using Adjectives to Change Nouns

Click each statement below to learn about using adjectives in Japanese sentences.

A) Using な adjectives to change nouns in Japanese sentences: 

Na-adjectives can be conveniently defined as all those that don’t end with with just a few exceptions.

The exceptions are “beautiful” (きれい), “hate” (きらい), famous (ゆめい)and “like” (すき).

ENGLISH

JAPANESE

Sample of NOUN PHRASE

English Translation

BEAUTIFUL

きれい(な)

きれいなおんあのひと

Beautiful woman

CONVENIENT

べんり(な)

べんりなところ

Convenient place

DISLIKED

きらい(な)

きらいなたべもの

Hated food

HANDSOME

ハンサム(な)

ハンサムなおとこのひと

Handsome man

FAMOUS

ゆうめい(な)

ゆめいなせんせい

Famous teacher

FAVORITE

すき(な)

すきなのみもの

Favorite drink

IMPORTANT

たいせつ(な)

たいせつなひと

Important person

NECESSARY

ひつよう(な)

ひつようなもの

Necessary thing

QUIET

しずか(な)

しずかなこども

Quiet child

SKILLFUL

じょうず(な)

じょうずなひと

Skillful person

SERIOUS

まじめ(な)

まじめなともだち

Serious friend

UNSKILLFUL

へた(な)

へたなひと

Unskillful person

 

When な adjectives are used by itself, we DO NOT add the NA. See below:

Mariko is quiet.

SUBJECT

PARTICLE

Other Information

VERB

Mariko san

WA

shizuka

DESU

まりこさん

しずか

です。

Mariko is a quiet child.

SUBJECT

PARTICLE

Other Information

VERB

Mariko san

WA

shizuka NA kodomo

DESU

まりこさん

しずか な こども

です。

 

Using い adjectives to change a noun.

To change a noun when using adjectives, all we need to do is add the noun after the full adjective, with exceptions for some expressions (describing physical traits).

ENGLISH

JAPANESE

Sample of NOUN PHRASE

English Translation

BAD

わるい

わるいひと

Bad person

BIG

おおきい

おおきい がっこう

Big school

BLACK

くろい

くろいくるま

Black car

BLUE

あおい

あおいほん

Blue book

BUSY

いそがしい

いそがしいひと

Busy person

CHEAP

やすい

やすいくつ

Cheap shoes

CUTE

かわいい

かわいいともだち

Cute friend

LONG

ながい

ながいビーチ(びーち)

 Long beach

GOOD

いい

いいともだち

Smart (Good head)

NEW

あたらしい

あたらしいきっさてん

New coffee shop

OLD

ふるい

ふるいきょうかい

Old church

RED

あかい

あかいくだもの

Red fruit

SMALL

ちいさい

ちいさいぎんこう

Small bank

TALL/EXPENSIVE

たかい

たかいくつ

Expensive shoes

WHITE

しろい

しろいはな

White flower

 

To describe physical characteristics we use a special sentence structure as below:

SUBJECT

 

NOUN ATTRIBUTE

 

ADJECTIVE

VERB

たなかさん

せ (height)

ひくい

です。

たなかさん

あたま (head)

わるい

です。

 

たなかさん は せがたかい です。

Ms. Tanaka is tall.

たなかさん は あたまがわるい です。

Ms. Tanaka is dumb.

たなかさん は あたまがいい です。

Ms. Tanaka is smart.

 

Using Adjectives in the negative, past and past negative forms.

In English, adjectives themselves don’t transform when we talk in the negative, past, or past negative tense. For example, in the following sentences the ADJECTIVE (word expensive) does not change. It is the verb that shows the tense:

  • The shoes are expensive.                 (PRESENT + AFFIRMATIVE)
  • The shoes are not expensive.          (PRESENT + NEGATIVE)
  • The shoes were expensive.               (PAST + AFFIRMATIVE)
  • The shoes were not expensive.       (PAST + NEGATIVE)

In Japanese, adjectives, also have the verb conjugated to show negative and past tenses.

Mariko is quiet.

SUBJECT

PARTICLE

Other Information

VERB

Mariko san

WA

shizuka

DESU

まりこさん

しずか

です。

Mariko isn’t quiet.

SUBJECT

PARTICLE

Other Information

VERB

Mariko san

WA

shizuka

DEWA ARIMASEN.

まりこさん

しずか

でわありません。

Mariko was quiet.

SUBJECT

PARTICLE

Other Information

VERB

Mariko san

WA

shizuka

DESHITA

まりこさん

しずか

でした。

Mariko was not quiet.

SUBJECT

PARTICLE

Other Information

VERB

Mariko san

WA

shizuka

DEWA ARIMASEN DESHITA

まりこさん

しずか

でわありませんでした。

 

An important thing to keep in mind is that in Japanese い adjectives are conjugated to show past and negative tenses.
Conjugating い adjectives to express Negative, Past and Negative Past forms.

For the negative and past negative we change the to a and then add the standard conjugation of the verb ある (the verb “to exist” for inanimate objects) which we met earlier.


English                Dictionary            Negative                             Past Negative                     Past
Cheap                   やす                やすくない                      やすくなかった            やすかっ
Big                         おおき            おおきくない                 おおきくなかった        おおきかった

Let’s look at a few examples in sentences:

Mariko is small.

SUBJECT

PARTICLE

Other Information

VERB

Mariko san

WA

chiisai

DESU

まりこさん

ちいさい

です。

Mariko isn’t small.

SUBJECT

PARTICLE

Other Information

VERB

Mariko san

WA

chiisakunai

DESU

まりこさん

ちいさくない

です。

Mariko was small.

SUBJECT

PARTICLE

Other Information

VERB

Mariko san

WA

chiisakatta

DESU

まりこさん

ちいさかった

です。

Mariko was not small.

SUBJECT

PARTICLE

Other Information

VERB

Mariko san

WA

chiisakunakatta

DESU

まりこさん

ちいさくなかった

です。

 

Unique Cases:

Conjugation for the Adjective GOOD in Japanese

The conjugation for i-adjectives always follows the same rules with just one exception: the adjective “good” (いい).

This adjective conjugates into the past, negative, or past negative the first syllable becomes . In fact, よい is the archaic word for good. It is still used today in formal writing but rarely in conversation.

For the adjective “good” the past conjugation thus becomes: いい ⇒ よかった

Standard

Polite

Good

いい     

いいです

Is not good

よくない  

よくないです

Was good

よかった

よかったです

Was not good

よくなかった

よくなかったです

Was not good (most formal)

よくなかったです

よくありませんでした

 

Both ways of conjugating to the negative and past negative of GOOD are used in Japanese; however, the last sample is the most formal.

Likes and Dislikes

In Japanese, to say ‘like” we use the word SUKI and treat it as a NA-adjective. To say that you like or don’t like something, you must add the noun followed by GA.

I like my car.

Topic

 

Object liked

 

LIKE (used as adjective)

VERB

I

 

my car

 

like

 

WATASHI

WA

WATASHI NO KURUMA

GA

SUKI

DESU

わたし

わたし の くるま

すき

です

 

I don't like my car.

Topic

 

Object liked

 

LIKE

VERB

I

 

my car

 

like

don't

WATASHI

WA

WATASHI NO KURUMA

GA

SUKI

JA NAI (colloquial)
JA ARIMASEN (informal)
DEWA ARIMASEN (formal)

わたし

わたし の くるま

すき

じゃない
じゃありません
ではありません

Use of KIRAI

If you use KIRAI, you are saying that you HATE something. Using KIRAI makes the sentiment very strong:

わたしは わたし の くるま が すきじゃないです. I didn’t like my car.

わたしは わたし の くるま が きらいです. I hate my car

Because na-adjectives take the auxiliary verb we already know their conjugation: we just need to conjugate the auxiliary verb to get the negative, or past negative for both the standard and polite forms.

Tense Standard Polite
Present すきだ すきです
Past すきだった すきでした
Negative すきではない すきではありません
Past Negative すきではなかった すきではありませんでした

And, as we’ve seen before, in both cases we can replace では with the less formal じゃ.

 Two Groups of Adjectives

Adjective Conjugation in Japanese is a bit more complex than it is in English, partly because there are TWO main groups of adjectives and each group conjugates differently.

This is a brief review of the adjective groups you will use this year in this course. The two Adjective Groups are important to helping you conjugate adjectives correctly so be sure to learn to “categorize” adjectives into the ーAdjectives and ーAdjectives as you review all of these conjugation forms.

This section will also review how to use Nouns and some Verb forms to “describe” things even though they are not adjectives. It makes sense to review how to use all 3 word forms (adjectives, nouns, and some verbs) to describe things all in one place.

なーAdjectives

In general, adjectives that do NOT end in the character are Adjectives. There are some exceptions, however, so be sure to read over the “irregular” (exceptions) you’re likely to use in this section.




Some examples of NormalなーAdjectives:

(Quiet) しずか(な)静か(な)

(Free, as in “free time) ひま(な)暇(な)

(Skilled/Good at) じょうず(な)上手(な)

(Famous) ゆめい(な)夢委(な)

(Kind) しんせつ(な)親切(な)



Some examples of Irregular なーAdjectives:

(Pretty) きれい(な)奇麗(な)
(Dislike) きらい(な)嫌い(な)
(Famous) ゆうめい(な)有名(な)

い-Adjectives

ALL い-Adjectives end in the character (there are NO exceptions to this!). That is the actual CHARACTERnot just the sound of the “i” vowel. Note, however, that the frequently used adjective いい does have an irregular conjugation (see below).




Some examples of normal いーAdjectives:

(Tall/expensive) たかい(高い)

(Tasty/delicious as in food) おいしい(美味しい)

(Difficult) むずかしい(難しい)

(Enjoyable/fun) たのしい(楽しい)

(Interesting) おもしろい(面白い)



Irregularl いーAdjectives:

(Good/Okay, used in many different contexts) いいORよい(良い)

Other Types of Words Used to “Describe” Things:

This section will also review how other words (nouns and some verbs) can also be used to “describe” things. A few common examples are provided below to illustrate this:


Noun Examples:

(Japanese Teacher) にほんごのせんせい(日本語の先生)

(My friend’s father) わたしのともだちのおとうさん(私の友達のお父さん)

Verb Examples:

(Thin, as in a person is thin/skinny) やせています(痩せています)

(Fat, as in a person is fat/wide) ふとっています(太っています)

Noun and な-Adjective Conjugation

Nouns and -Adjectives conjugate exactly the same (except when combined with a noun they are modifying, which will be covered separately). Both use the various FORMAL forms of the verb “to be” (is, am, are, isn’t, was, wasn’t). Here is a review of those basic patterns. Note that you have some choices on how to conjugate for the negative forms (isn’t, wasn’t).

Please click each link below to review.

Conjugation Choices for Nouns and な-Adjectives:

(Is/Am/Are: Present Positive) です(Informal: )Use ONLY the formal in this course

(Is not/Isn’t: Present Negative) ではありません・じゃありません・ではないです・じゃないです You may use ANY of these four options in this course (they are arranged from most formal to least formal left to right)

(Was: Past Positive) でした(Informal: だった)Use ONLY the formal in this course

(Was not/Wasn’t: Past Negative) ではありませんでした・じゃありませんでした・ではなかったです・じゃなかったです You may use ANY of these four options in this course (they are arranged from most formal to least formal left to right)




Normal Noun Examples

(He is a teacher.) かれはせんせいです。(彼は先生です。)

(She is a doctor.) かのじょはいしゃです。(彼女は医者です。)

(This is a Japanese book.) これはにほんごのほんです。(これは日本語の本です。)

(That is an American camera.) それはアメリカのカメラです。(それはアメリカのカメラです。)This can also be それはアメリカンカメラです。(それはアメリカンカメラです。)

(That over there is a Chinese house.) あれはちゅうごくのうちです。(あれは中国の家です。)



Normal な-Adjective Examples

(My mom is kind.) はははしんせつです。(母は親切です。)

(My dad is quiet.) ちちはしずかです。(父は静かです。)

(I am free tomorrow.) わたしはあしたひまです。(私は明日暇です。)



Examples of Nouns/なーAdjectives for Colors

(The car is green.) くるまはみどりです。(車は緑です。)

(The pants are purple.) ズボンはむらさきです。(ズボンは紫です。)

(The hat is pink.) ぼうしはピンクです。(帽子はピンクです。)

NOTE that the Noun and Adjective forms are the SAME for ーAdjectives

NOTE that ALL Katakana colors (and descriptive words) are ーAdjectives

Noun and な-Adjective Forms for Modifying a Noun Directly:

When a noun or な-Adjective is placed in FRONT of the noun it is modifying, then certain changes (particles) must be added to “connect” the two words in the sentence. This is where it’s important to determine whether you are modifying with a “noun” or “adjective”.

For nouns, the two nouns are placed together, but connected by the noun-connector particle の。This MAY indicate a possessive relationship, but it may also just connect two related nouns that are not possessive.




Examples of Nouns Modifying Other Nouns using the Particle の

(My older brother’s child) Possessive わたしのあにのこども(私の兄の子供)

(Your younger sister’s child) Possessive あなたのいもうとのこども(あなたの妹の子供)

(The orange bicycle) Not Possessive オレンジのじてんしゃ(オレンジ自転車)

(English Dictionary) Not Possessive えいごのじしょ(英語の辞書)



Examples of な-Adjectives Modifying Nouns using the Particle な

(Orange Pants) オレンジなズボン

(Green Rug) みどりなゆか(緑な床)

(Pretty Woman) きれいなおんなのひと(奇麗な女の人)

(Skilled Man) じょうずなおとこのひと(上手な男の人)

Connective Forms of なーAdjectives:

Sometimes more than one or a “series"of adjectives is used to describe something. This requires the “connective” form of ーAdjectives to be used. The connective form is DIFFERENT for nouns, ーAdjectives, andーAdjectives so be sure to compare all three while reviewing Adjective Conjugation!

REMINDER: Series of Nouns are connected with the particle
REMINDER: Series ofーAdjectives change form to Adjective Stem くて(The Is dropped and replaced with く、andIs added)―You’ll review this in the next section!

How なーAdjectives are Connected:

All of the adjectives in a series EXCEPT the last one must change adjective form in ONE WAY:

Adjective + で is the connective form

So is added to provide the connective form for ーAdjectives ( is the connective form of です much like is used in the connective forms of ーAdjectives and Verbs).




Examples of Connective Forms for なーAdjectives:

(My hair is green and pretty.)わたしのかみのけは(Orが)きれいで、みどりです。(私の髪の毛は緑で、奇麗です。)

(The movie is serious, famous, and simple.) えいがはまじめで、ゆうめいで、かんたんです。(映画は真面目で、有名で、簡単です。)

NOTE: If the series includes adjectives from BOTH groups you simply use the appropriate connective form for each in the series.

(That child’s hair is long, pretty, and blonde.) その(Orあの)こどものかみのけはながくて、きれいで、きんぱつです。(その子供の髪の毛は長くて、奇麗で、金髪です。)

い-Adjective Conjugation

い-Adjectives do NOT conjugate the same way that nouns and な-Adjectives do, and this group is generally much more difficult to learn and remember. Please take the time to THOROUGHLY review ALL of this section, including the examples.

NOTE: いーAdjectives conjugate in a very similar way to the “want to” form of verbs, so it can be very handy to review BOTH of these at the same time.

Conjugation Choices for い-Adjectives:

Present Positive (IS something…) AdjectiveStem+です

Present Negative (Is NOT something…) AdjectiveStem (minusbut +) + です

Past Positive (WAS something…) AdjectiveStem MINUS かったです

Past Negative (Was NOT something…) AdjectiveStem (minus but +く) + なかったです




Normal いーAdjective Examples: (Present Tense Positive) It is Adjective…

(He is a young.) かれはわかいです。(彼は若いです。)

(She is a tall.) かのじょはせがたかいです。(彼女は背が高いです。)

(That car is blue.) このくるまはあおいです。(この車は青いです。)

(That book is red.) そのほんはあかいです。(その本は赤いです。)

(That shoe over there is brown.) あのくつはちゃいろいです。(あの靴は茶色いです。)



Normal いーAdjective Examples: (Present Tense Negative) It is NOT adjective…

(The test is NOT difficult.) しけんはむずかしくないです。(試験は難しくないです。)

(The scarf/muffler is NOT new.) マーフラはあたらしくないです。(マーフラは新しくないです。)

(This ball is NOT black.) このボールはくろくないです。(このボールは黒くないです。)

(That building is NOT tall.) そのたてものはたかくないです。(その建物は高くないです。)

(That desk over there is NOT big.) あのつくえはおおきくないです。(このつきえは大きくないです。)



Normal いーAdjective Examples: (Past Tense Positive) It WAS adjective…

(The party was fun/enjoyable.) パーティーはたのしかったです。(パーティーは楽しかったです)

(The class was interesting.) じゅぎょうはおもしろかったです。(授業は面白かったです。)

(His hair was long.) かれのかみがながかったです。(彼の髪が長かったです。)

(Her hair was brown.) かのじょのかみがちゃいろかったです。(彼女の髪が茶色かったです。)

(That sushi was delicious.) そのすしはおいしかったです。(その寿司は美味しかったです。)



Normal いーAdjective Examples: (Past Tense Negative) It WAS NOT adjective…

(The sofa WAS NOT white.) ソファーは(Orが)しろくなかったです。(ソファーは白くなかったです。)

(My grandmother’s hair WAS NOT short.) おばあさんのかみのけが(Orは)みじかくなかったです。(お婆さんの髪の毛が短くなかったです。)

(My younger brother WAS NOT loud.) おとうとはうるさくなかったです。(弟は煩くなかったです。)

(My jacket WAS NOT yellow.) わたしのジャケットは(Orが)きろくなかったです。(私のジャケットは黄色くなかったです。)

(My dad’s car WAS NOT fast.) ちちのくるまが(Orは)はやくなかったです。(父の車は早くなかったです。)



Irregular いーAdjective Examples: いい・よい(Good/Okay)Irregular いーAdjective

(Is good/okay…) いいです(Or よいです)良いです

(Is NOT good/okay…) よくないです(良くないです)

(WAS good/okay…) よかったです(良かったです)

(WAS NOT good/okay…) よくなかったです(良くなかったです)

Note that this is “irregular” because thefirst syllable changes to in all but the present positive form of this adjective.

いーAdjective Colors

いーAdjective colors can ALSO be expressed either as Nouns or Adjectives. The only difference between the two forms is the presence of at the end (meaning it’s い-Adjective form) or the absence of the at the end (meaning it’s the noun form). See the examples below.

Noun Forms of いーAdjective Colors:

(This dress is white.) このワンピースはしろです。(このワンピースは白です。)

(The sky is blue.) そらはあおです。(空は青です。)

(That flower is yellow.) そのはなはきいろです。(その花は黄色です。)

NOTE that the NOUN Form for each of the examples above does NOT contain the at the end.

いーAdjective Colors

いーAdjective colors can ALSO be expressed either as Nouns or Adjectives. The only difference between the two forms is the presence of at the end (meaning it’s い-Adjective form) or the absence of the at the end (meaning it’s the noun form). See the examples below.

Adjective Forms of いーAdjective Colors

(This dress is white.) ワンピースはしろいです。(ワンピースは白いです。)

(The sky is blue.) そらはおあいです。(空は青いです。)

(That flower is yellow.) そのはなはきいろいです。(その花は黄色いです。)

NOTE that the ADJECTIVE Form for each of the examples above DOES contain the at the end.

NOTE : Remember that ALL Katakana colors (and descriptive words) are なーAdjectives

Noun and い-Adjective Forms for Modifying a Noun Directly

When a noun or い-Adjective is placed in FRONT of the noun it is modifying, then certain changes (particles) must be added to “connect” the two words in the sentence. This is where it’s important to determine whether you are modifying with a “noun” or “adjective”.

For nouns, the two nouns are placed together, but connected by the noun-connector particle の。This MAY indicate a possessive relationship, but it may also just connect two related nouns that are not possessive.




Examples of Nouns Modifying Other Nouns using the Particle の:

(My older brother’s child) Possessive わたしのあにのこども(私の兄の子供)

(Your younger sister’s child) Possessive あなたのいもうとのこども(あなたの妹の子供)



Examples of Noun Forms of いーAdjective COLORS Modifying Other Nouns:

NOTE that NO particle is needed or used at all in this situation!

(Black Pants) くろいズボン(黒いズボン)

(Red Rug) あかいゆか(赤い床)

(Tall Woman) せがたかいおんなのひと(背が高い女の人)

(Interesting Man) おもしろいおとこのひと(面白い男の人)

Connective Forms of いーAdjectives

Sometimes more than one or a “series’ of adjectives is used to describe something. This requires the “connective” form of いーAdjectives to be used. The connective form is DIFFERENT for nouns, ーAdjectives, andーAdjectives so be sure to compare all three while reviewing Adjective Conjugation!

REMINDER: Series of Nouns are connected with the particle

REMINDER: Series of-Adjectives are connected with (the connective form of です

How いーAdjectives are Connected

All of the adjectives in series EXCEPT the last one must change adjective form in TWO WAYS:

  1. Adjective Stem  Becomes Adjective Stem くて
  2. Sobecomes and then Is added to provide the connective form (Like ーForm Verbs)

Examples of Connective Forms for いーAdjectives:

(My hair is red and long.)わたしのかみのけはあかくて、ながいです。(私の髪の毛は赤くて、長いです。)

(The book is new, big, and expensive) ほんはあたらしくて、おおきくて、たかいです。(本は新しくて、大きくて、高いです。)

NOTE: If the series includes adjectives from BOTH groups you simply use the appropriate connective form for each in the series.

(That child’s hair is long, pretty, and blonde.) その(Orあの)こどものかみのけはながくて、きれいで、きんぱつです。(その子供の髪の毛は長くて、奇麗で、金髪です。)

Set One: Review of い and な Adjectives

As you have studied previously, Adjective Conjugation in Japanese is a bit more complex than it is in English, partly because there are TWO main groups of adjectives and each group conjugates differently.

This is a brief review of the adjective groups you have used this year in this course (and in previous courses). The two Adjective Groups are important to helping you conjugate adjectives correctly so be sure to learn to “categorize” adjectives into the ーAdjectives and ーAdjectives as you review these conjugation forms.

REVIEW of なーAdjective Conjugation


ーAdjectives conjugate the same way nouns conjugate in present and past tense, for both positive and negative forms. They have their own forms for use in front of the noun being modified, and for connective forms.

EXAMPLES:
“Quiet” なーAdjective しずか(静か)
IS Quiet  しずかです(静かです)
Is NOT Quiet しずかでは(Orじゃ)ありません(Orないです)
WAS Quiet しずかでした(静かでした)
Was NOT Quiet しずかでは(Orじゃ)ありませんでした
A Quiet Person しずかひと(静かな人) (な is added)
A Quiet AND Kind Person しずか、しんせつなひと (で is added)

REVIEW of いーAdjective Conjugation


ーAdjectives conjugate in a DIFFERENT way than nouns andーAdjectives conjugate in present and past tense, for both positive and negative forms. They have their own forms for use in front of the noun being modified, and for connective forms, and these are also different from ーAdjectives.


EXAMPLES:
“Interesting” おもしろい(面白い)
IS Interesting おもしろいです(面白いです)
Is NOT Interesting おもしろくないです(Or もしろくありません
WAS Interesting おもしろかったです(面白かったです
Was NOT Interesting おもしおろくなかったです(Or おもしろくありませんでした
An Interesting Person おもしろいひと(面白い人)(NO Change or Particle Needed)
An Interesting and Fun Person おもしろくて、たのしいひと(いDrops,くてAdded)

 

Set Two: Describing Verbs with Adjectives

Examples studied previously are included for review and comparison, and then the adjective examples are presented as new information.

REVIEW Pattern: Verb Plain Form のが Adjective です。
NEW Pattern: Verb Plain Form のことが Adjective です。

REVIEW Pattern: VerbForm もいいです(か)Or かまいません
NEW Pattern: Adjective Stem (で・くて)もいいです(か)Or かまいません

REVIEW Pattern: VerbForm はいけません Or だめです
NEW Pattern: Adjective Stem (で・くて)はいけません Or だめです

REVIEW Pattern: Verb Plain Form そうです。
NEW Pattern: Adjective Stem そうです。

See the separate tabs below for examples of these two patterns.

VerbPlainForm のが Adjectiveです。

In previous levels of Japanese you learned how to “describe” an action using the action verb in plain/dictionary form, and making it a “noun clause” (“nominalizing it”) by adding the particle combination のが (Note that other particles can be combined with in this way).

Describing a Verb with an Adjective: Verb Plain Form のが Adjective です
I like to eat sushi. 私はすし(寿司)を食べるのが好きです。
Going to the circus is fun. サーカスに行のがたのしい(楽しい)です。
Watching a movie is interesting.  えいが(映画)を見るのがおもしろい(面白い)です。
He is skilled at playing tennis. かれ(彼)はテニスをするのがじょうず(上手)です。

Verb Plain Form のことが Adjective です。

In this section of this Japanese course you will learn how to “describe” an action using the action verb in plain/dictionary form, and adding making it a “noun clause” (“nominalizing it”) by adding the particle combination のことが between the plain verb and the adjective describing it.

The word こと means “thing(s)” in the abstract sense, and adds the sense of meaning that “the thing that is ADJECTIVE is VERB” (as seen in the examples provided here). This is similar to the pattern you have already learned to express things you “CAN DO” in the pattern shown here:

I can play golf. (The “thing” I can do is play golf.) 私はゴルフをすることができます。

The difference is that you are describing something about the action (verb) using an adjective instead of the verb “CAN DO” or できます。 Note that the extra particle is added in this NEW pattern for adjectives.

I like to play golf. (The “thing” I like to do is play golf.) 私はゴルフをするのことが好きです。
See more examples in the tab below.

EXAMPLES:

Describing an Verb with an Adjective: VerbPlainFormのがAdjectiveです。

I like to eat sushi. (The thing I like to do is eat sushi.) 私はすし(寿司)を食べるのことが好きです。

Going to the circus is fun. (The thing that is fun is going to the circus.) サーカスに行くのことがたのしい(楽しい)です。

Watching a movie is interesting. (The thing that is interesting is a movie.) えいが(映画)を見るのことがおもしろい(面白い)です。

He is skilled at playing tennis. (The thing he is skilled at is playing tennis.) かれ(彼)はテニスをするのことがじょうず(上手)です。

As you can see, there are really TWO different ways to modify a verb using an adjective in sentences like this, using the TWO patterns you have now learned as shown in the contrasting examples below:

I like to eat sushi. 私はすし(寿司)を食べるのが好きです。

The thing I like to eat is sushi. 私は寿司を食べるのことが好きです。

Permission Forms with Verbs

In this section you will learn how to ask or give PERMISSION using a verb pattern.

REVIEW Pattern for Verbs:

VerbてForm もいいです(か)(Or かまいません)

EXAMPLES:

May I go to the restroom? (Is it okay if I go to the restroom?)
私はおてあらい(お手洗い)に行ってもいいですか。(Or かまいません)

Yes, you may go to the restroom. (Yes, it is okay for you to go to the restroom.)
はい、あなたはお手洗いに行ってもいいですか。(Or かまいません)

No, you may NOT go the restroom. (No, it is NOT okay for you to go to the restroom.)

あなたはお手洗いに行ってもよくないです。(Or かまいません)

Permission Forms with Adjectives

In this section you will learn how to ask or give PERMISSION for an adjective pattern. Note that the pattern is slightly different depending on whether you are using a

Adjective versus an いーAdjective.

The pattern for ーAdjectives is: Adjective・Noun (で)もいいです(か)(Orかまいません)
The pattern forーAdjective is: Adjective (くて)もいいです(か)(Orかまいません)

EXAMPLES:

Is it okay to go to the birthday party? (Verb Example)
誕生日パーティーに行ってもいいですか。(Or かまいませんか

Is Saturday okay for a birthday party? (Noun Example)
誕生日パーティーは土曜日でもいいですかOr かまいませんか

Is a quiet birthday party okay? (ーAdjective Example)
誕生日パーティーはしずかで(静かで)もいいですか(Or かまいませんか

Is a loud birthday party okay? (ーAdjective Example)
誕生日パーティーはうるさくて(煩くて)もいいですか(Or かまいませんか

Is an inexpensive (cheap) present okay for the birthday party? (ーAdjective Example)
たんじょうび(誕生日)パーティーはやすくて(安くて)もいいですか(Or かまいません

Is it okay to take a test on Monday? (Verb Example)
しけん(試験)は月曜日にとって(撮って)もかまいませんか(Or いいですか

Is Monday okay for the test? (Noun Example)
試験は月曜日でもかまいませんか。(Or もいいですか

Is it okay for the test to be important/serious? (なーAdjective Example)
試験はまじめで(真面目で)もかまいませんか(Or いいですか

Is it okay for the test to be long? ーAdjective Example)
試験はながくて(長くて)もかまいませんか。(Or いいですか

Prohibition Forms with Verbs

To express PROHIBITION for an action (verb), this could be in the form of a “rule” or a direct “command” not to do something. The particle is used after the Form of the verb because the verb becomes the subject/topic of the sentence in this form.

The pattern is: VerbForm は いけません(More Like a Rule)Or だめです(More Like an Order)

EXAMPLES:

You should not (must not) talk in the library. (Order: Do NOT talk in the library.)
としょかん(図書館)ではなしてはだめです

You should not (must not) wear hats at school. (Order: do NOT wear hats at school.)
学校でぼうし(帽子)をかぶってはだめです

You should not (must not) run in the middle of the street.

みち(道)の中ではしって(走って)はいけません。

You should not (must not) eat food in the classroom.
きょうしつ(教室)で食べ物を食べてはいけません

Prohibition Forms with Adjectives

When express PROHIBITION for an adjective pattern, note that the pattern is slightly different depending on whether you are using a ーAdjective versus anーAdjective.

The pattern for ーAdjectives is: Adjective・Noun(で)はいけません(Or だめです
The pattern forーAdjective is: Adjective (くて)はいけません(Or だめです

EXAMPLES:

You should not (must not) talk quietly during an emergency. (Verb Example)
あなたはきんきゅじ(Emergency)にしずかに話してはいけません

You should not (must not) be quiet in an emergency. (なーAdjective Example)
あなたはきんきゅじ(Emergency)しずかではいけません

Order: Do NOT be quiet in an emergency.(ーAdjective Example)
あなたはきんきゅじ(Emergency)にしずかではだめです

You should not (must not) be loud during a test.(ーAdjective Example)
あなたはしけん(試験)にうるさくてはいけません

Order: Do NOT be loud during a test.(ーAdjective Example)
あなたは試験にうるさくてはだめです

You must not (should not) wear green clothes.(Verb Example)
あなたはみどりなふくをきて(着て)はいけません

Your clothes should not (must not) be purple. (ーAdjective Example)
あなたのふく(服)はみどりで(緑で)はいけません

Your clothes should not (must not) be red.(ーAdjective Example)
あなたの服はあかくて(赤くて)はいけません

Saying Something “Looks Like” an Adjective
To express that something LOOKS LIKE an adjective the conjugation pattern changes depending on whether you are using a ーAdjective or an ーAdjective.

 

The pattern for ーAdjectives is: Adjective そうです。

The pattern for ーAdjective is: Adjective(minus stem) そうです。

EXAMPLES:
It seems (looks like it is) quiet in the room.(ーAdjective Example) へや(部屋)はしずか(静か)そうです

It seems (looks like it is) loud in the room.(ーAdjective Example) 部屋はうるさそうです。(うるさい・煩い)NOTE HOW THE い DROPS

The test seems easy. しけん(試験かんたん(簡単)そうです

The test seems difficult. 試験はむずかしそうです。(むずかしい・難しい)NOTE HOW THE い DROPS


Some Adverbs in Japanese

Although the previous and current levels of Japanese courses have not talked a lot about “adverbs” as a separate group specifically, you have been using them since the first level, primarily as “frequency” and “extent” words. They are easy to use and don’t require a lot of “grammar” work or changes, and they can appear anywhere in sentences and they don’t require particles

You will review these previous adverbs, and add a few new ones in this section.

REVIEW ADVERBS:

Frequency Words (i.e., always, never, etc)
Extent Words (i.e., a little, a lot, etc)

NEW ADVERBS:

Completion Adverbs: “Already” and “Not Yet”

NEW ADVERB FORMS:

Changing Adjectives to Adjectives

Click on EACH Tab below to read and see examples of review and new adverbs.

FREQUENCY ADVERBS:

Always / All the Time いつも
Usually たいてい
A  Lot of the Time / Often よく(良く)
Sometimes ときどき(時々)
Rarely たまい (+Negative Adjective or Verb)
Seldom / Not Very Often あまり(+Negative Adjective or Verb)
Never/ Not At All ぜんぜん(全然)(+Negative Adjective or Verb)

EXTENT ADVERBS:

(Do Something) A Lot たくさん
(Do Something) Well よく(良く)
(Do Something) a Little すこし(少し)OR ちょっと
Probably / Maybe (Do Something) たぶん(多分)

EXAMPLES:

I always make up my bed. 私は(私の)いつもベッドの奇麗(奇麗い)にします。
I usually get up at 6:25 am. 私はたいてい午前六時二十五分におきます(起きます)。
I often go to school by bus. 私はよくバスで学校に行きます。
I sometimes walk to school. 私はときどき(時々)学校にあるきます(歩きます)。
I rarely take a vacation. 私はたまにりょこう(旅行)をしません。
I don’t study very often. 私はあまりべんきょうしません(勉強しません)。
I never go to the hospital. 私はぜんぜん(全然)びょういん(病院)に行きません。
I study Japanese a lot (often). 私はよく日本語を勉強します。
Well done! (You did well!) よくできました!
I watch a little TV. 私はすこし(少し)テレビを見ます。
Please wait a little (a moment). ちょっとまってください。
I will probably go to Japan this summer. 私はたぶんこのなつ(夏)に日本に行きます。

BASIC COMPLETION ADVERBS:

Already (done something) もう (+Past Tense Positive Verb)
Not yet (done something) まだ (+Present Tense Negative Verb)

 

EXAMPLES:

Have you already eaten dinner?
あなたはもう晩御飯を食べましたか。
Yes, I have already eaten dinner.
はい、私はもう晩御飯を食べました。
No, I have not eaten dinner yet.
いいえ、私はまだ晩御飯を食べません。

Have you already been to Japan? (Have you already had the experience of going to Japan?)
あなたはもう日本に行ったことがありますか。
Yes, I have already been to Japan. (Yes, I have already had the experience of going to Japan.)
はい、私は日本もう行ったことがあります。
No, I haven’t been to Japan yet.(No, I have not yet had the experience of going to Japan.)
いいえ、私はまだ日本に行ったことがありません。

You have learned many adjectives up to this point, and although they are not adverbs as you’ve learned them, they can be transformed into adverbs from adjectives easily. Note that “easy” is an adjective, but “easily” is an adverb (in English). Think of words that end in “ly” in English that come from adjectives to think about the difference in meaning between the two forms in Japanese!

Here are the rules for changing an adjective into an adverb in Japanese:

NOTE: Remember that the adjective “good/okay” is an “irregular”ーAdjective so it will be a little different than otherーAdjectives. For example, いい(Adjective) Becomes く(Adverb).

ForーAdjectives use the following pattern:

ーAdjective +

For ーAdjectives use the following pattern:

ーAdjective (Minus)(Plus

EXAMPLES:

Pretty Or Clean/Neat きれい(奇麗)Becomes 奇麗に
Lively にぎやか(賑やか)Becomes 賑やかに
Quiet しずか(静か)Becomes 静かに

Good/Okay いい(良い)Becomes よく(良く)
Fast はやい(早い)Becomes 早く
Cute かわいい(可愛い)Becomes 可愛く

Please read your book quietly in the library.
あんたはとしょかん(図書館)でほん(本)をしずか(静か)にしてください。
Please clean your room (Please do your room cleanly.)
あなたのしんしつ(寝室)をきれい(奇麗)にしてください。
Please do your homework well today.
あなたは今日よくしゅくだい(宿題)をしてください。
Japanese female voice actresses often speak cutely.
日本のじょうせいせいゆう(情勢声優)よくかわいく(可愛く)話します。
Because there’s an important test tomorrow, I’m going to bed early.
明日だいじな(大事な)しけん(試験)がありますから、はやく(早く)寝ます。

おわります(The End)


 

Now go to Grammar VI