Lektion 8 Stufe 2 Seite B
Kultureller Leckerbissen: Die Ausbildung
Do you remember this young man from page 2A? He's doing an Ausbildung to learn furniture restoration. For many kinds of trades, crafts, and other jobs, the young people do not need to attend a university. So they are never Studenten nor have a Studium. Instead, they are Azubis (short for Auszubildender) and they do an Ausbildung (training) and a Lehre (on-the-job apprenticeship). When they complete these training programs, the young people are well-prepared to do whatever kind of work they have chosen.
Since skilled trades are perhaps not as much in demand as they used to be, many young people are having trouble finding either a Lehre or a job afterwards. This is part of the reason for the sometimes-violent demonstrations by the so-called skinheads, who are often young men who have not found work.
Wiederholung: Relativpronomen
Relative pronouns are used to make two related "baby-talk" sentences into one more "interesting" one. (If this looks a bit familiar, it's because it's based on the grammar presentation in Unit 4.)
For example: Mr. Jones has a dog + Mr. Jones lives next door to me becomes:
Mr. Jones, who has a dog, lives next door to me.
OR:
Mr. Jones, who lives next door to me, has a dog.
In English there are four different ways to express this kind of pronoun:
who (refers to people or personalized animals)
which (refers to things or concepts)
that (used for either group, but not considered as "correct" [formal])
leaving it out and making it "understood" ("That is the boy I like" = "That is the boy whom I like.")
This last type is the hardest to recognize.
Now let's look at the German. Do you remember that the relative pronoun looks a lot like the definite article? So before we go any further, let's review the definite article chart one more time!
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural | |
Nominative |
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Accusative |
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Dative |
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Genitive |
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Now compare that with the chart for relative pronouns and pick out the places where they differ and say how they differ.
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Plural | |
Nominative |
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Accusative |
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Dative |
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Genitive |
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You said: "dative plural and all the genitives" - right? And did you also say "they added an -en, and doubled the 's' in two genitive forms"? (For those of you who need complete information, the "s" is doubled in those two genitive forms to keep the previous vowel short. For those of you who really don't care, just memorize the chart. We all have different learning styles!)
OK, you say, those are the forms. Now, how do we know which one to use in a given sentence? Ah, a very good question, and we'll answer it in two stages.
Step One: Deciding whether to use masculine, feminine, neuter, or plural is fairly easy, but it will be helpful if we add one grammatical term: the antecedent, which means "placed before."
Remember, these are called "relative" pronouns, so they must "relate" (or "refer") to some other noun. That "some other noun" is the antecedent, and it usually comes right before the pronoun. So you pick "M, F, N, Pl" based on whatever the antecedent is.
Üben wir
Which of the four "columns" in the table would you pick for these blanks? (I.e., does it refer back to a noun that's masculine, feminine, neuter, or plural?) Write M, F, N, Pl. Then click to see the correct answer.
Step Two: Now we have to decide which case to use: nominative, accusative, dative, or genitive. Do you remember that it's NOT necessarily the same case as the antecedent? Remember: a relative pronoun gets its case from its use within its own clause.
Üben wir
Ergänze die Tabelle. Die Sätze sind nicht die selben wie oben. (Complete the chart. The sentences are not the same as above.)
Step Three: There's one final step in our look at relative pronouns: word order. Where do they go in the sentence, and what effect do they have on the verb of that clause? Did you say: "right after the comma (or after the preposition if one goes with the pronoun)" and "the verb gets kicked to the end of the clause"? If so, you're right!
Üben wir
That was certainly a lot of review. So why are we doing it while we're learning about "professions"? One of the most common uses of relative pronouns is in definitions.
Z. B.: "Ein Arzt ist ein Mann, der kranken Leuten hilft."
"Eine Reiseleiterin ist eine Frau, mit der die Touristen reisen."
Kannst du diese Berufe definieren? Du kannst Tipps auf Seite 2A finden. Klicke, um eine Antwort zu sehen. Pass auf, ob das Wort maskulin oder feminin ist.
Weiter: Stufe 2, Seite C